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- Glossary
Facial expressions
Five muscle groups control the visible movements on the surface of our faces – and this applies to everyone in the world. Neuroscientists emphasize universal, evolutionarily anchored reactions as the reason for this. For this reason, the basic emotions of fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise, and joy leave similar traces on the face everywhere, which we can usually identify reliably even in strangers.
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- Glossary
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles inside a cell. They are also referred to as the "powerhouse" of cells because they supply them with energy. They have their own DNA, which is only inherited from the mother.
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- Glossary
Middle ear
The eardrum forms the boundary between the outer ear and the middle ear. The ossicles – the malleus, incus, and stapes – transmit the vibration of the eardrum to the inner ear via the oval window. The middle ear is filled with air.
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- Glossary
Mnemonics
Mnemonics is a collective term for methods that facilitate the learning of new content. The simplest mnemonic device is the memory aid.
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- Glossary
Mossy fiber
Mossy fibers are nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the spinal cord and the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum. There they terminate in the granule cell layer. The axons of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, which extend to CA3, are also referred to as mossy fibers.
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- Glossary
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cortical atrophy, nerve cell loss, synapse loss, and deposits of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to dementia and loss of function. Early symptoms include memory problems, speech disorders, executive deficits, depressive moods, and subtle personality changes. As the disease progresses, global cognitive impairment, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, and behavioral abnormalities such as apathy, restlessness, and sleep disorders occur. The disease was first described in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer.
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- Glossary
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurological disorders, caused by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a neurotransmitter imbalance in the basal ganglia. Symptoms usually begin late in life with mild tremors (resting tremor), increasing stiffness of the limbs, and slowed voluntary movements (bradykinesia). Later, postural instability, balance disorders, and difficulty walking occur. Other typical features include rigid facial expressions (hypomimia), a shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness (rigor). The disease is incurable, but its symptoms can be treated with medication (e.g., L-dopa, dopamine agonists) or surgery involving deep brain stimulation (brain pacemaker).
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- Glossary
Morphine
Depending on the dose, morphine is either a potent painkiller or a mind-altering drug. Synthesized from poppy seeds and named after the Greek god of dreams, morphine binds to the opioid receptors in the brain.
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- Glossary
Motivation
A motive is a reason. When this motive takes effect, the living being feels motivation – it strives to satisfy its need. For example, for food, protection, or reproduction. Motivation can be intrinsic (from within, e.g., curiosity) or extrinsic (from outside, e.g., reward).
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- Glossary
Motor neuron
Neurons that extend from the central nervous system to the muscles and control their activity.
