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1. Glossary

Mnemonics

Mnemonics is a collective term for methods that facilitate the learning of new content. The simplest mnemonic device is the memory aid.

1. Glossary

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cortical atrophy, nerve cell loss, synapse loss, and deposits of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to dementia and loss of function. Early symptoms include memory problems, speech disorders, executive deficits, depressive moods, and subtle personality changes. As the disease progresses, global cognitive impairment, aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, and behavioral abnormalities such as apathy, restlessness, and sleep disorders occur. The disease was first described in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer.

1. Glossary

NMDA receptor

NMDA receptors are specialized receptor channels in the membrane of nerve cells that only open under very specific conditions. First, the neurotransmitter glutamate must bind to the receptor, and second, the receptor needs a cofactor such as glycine or D-serine. In addition, the postsynaptic cell membrane must be depolarized so that the magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) normally located in the channel pore is removed. If these conditions are met, an ion channel opens in the center of the receptor and allows calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in particular, but also sodium ions (Na⁺), to flow into the cell, while potassium ions (K⁺) flow out of the cell. The cell can respond to the influx of calcium in a variety of ways. NMDA receptors enable the brain to modify synaptic connections throughout life. They are crucial for forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) and thus play a central role in the formation and storage of memory content.

1. Glossary

Medial nuclei

The medial thalamic nuclei, especially the mediodorsal nucleus, are located in the medial thalamus and are closely connected to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system. They are primarily responsible for higher cognitive functions such as planning, attention, and working memory, but are also involved in processing emotions and motivation. In addition, they integrate complex information from different areas of the brain. 

1. Glossary

Pre-dementia

Alzheimer's disease typically progresses through several clinical stages, preceded by an early phase with initial cognitive impairments. This phase, formerly known as pre-dementia, is now usually referred to as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease. It can manifest itself through symptoms such as declining short-term memory. With modern imaging techniques, especially amyloid PET, characteristic amyloid deposits in the brain can already be detected in this early phase. Laboratory chemical analyses of blood or cerebrospinal fluid can also provide indications of changes in protein concentrations typical of Alzheimer's disease. Although the clinical diagnosis of dementia is only made in later stages, the underlying Alzheimer's pathology can often be detected in advance today.

1. Glossary

prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) forms the front part of the frontal lobe and is one of the brain's most important integration and control centers. It receives highly processed information from many other areas of the cortex and is responsible for planning, controlling, and flexibly adapting one's own behavior. Its central tasks include executive functions, working memory, emotion regulation, and decision-making. In addition, the PFC plays an important role in the cognitive evaluation and modulation of pain.

1. Glossary

Retrograde amnesia

A form of memory disorder in which memories from before the damage occurred can no longer be retrieved. The affected period can vary greatly and range from just hours before the event to entire decades.

1. Topic

Sports

“No sports”? Where Winston Churchill was wrong

1. Topic

Successful aging

What is going right in the brains of superagers?

1. Grundlagen
2. Communication in the Brain

Legalize it?! What are the medical benefits of cannabis?

Are cannabinoid-based drugs suitable for clinical use? Experts remain divided on the issue.

11.12.2025