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- Diseases
- Multiple sclerosis
The Disease with a thousand Faces
Key facts about MS. And first things first: the course of the disease can be significantly influenced.
07.10.2025
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- Act
- Motor Skills
Forced Right-Handedness
When left-handed people were retrained to use their right hand, their brains were also retrained.
25.10.2025
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- Basics
- Anatomy
The Ventricular System
What's hiding in our brains? An alien wearing a helmet! Or a human with ram's horns?
20.09.2025
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- Discover
- Milestones
John Eccles: Across the Gap
John Eccles disproved his own theories. In doing so, he helped to elucidate synaptic transmission.
06.06.2013
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- Basics
- Structure and Function
Senses in Motion
Motor skills play a bigger role in vision than previously thought
21.12.2021
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- Basics
- Anatomy
The Mesencephalon
Important neurotransmitters, an astonishing array of colors, and a water pipe – that's the midbrain.
20.09.2025
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- Glossary
caudal
A positional term – caudal means "towards the tail." In relation to the nervous system, it refers to a direction along the neural axis, i.e., towards the rear. In animals (that do not walk upright), the term always means: located at the end of the spine. Due to the upright gait of humans, the brain bends in relation to the spinal cord, which means that caudal also means downward.
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- Glossary
Pyramidal pathway
The pyramidal pathway is a system of axons (long fiber-like extensions of nerve cells) that run from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. 80 percent of all fibers cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. In the medulla, it runs past the pyramids, from which it gets its name. It is involved in fine and voluntary motor skills.
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- Glossary
Periaqueductal gray
A core area in the brain stem that is involved in defensive behavior and fear and flight reflexes via close connections to the limbic system. It also plays an important role in pain suppression by regulating signals from the spinal cord to the brain. It is considered an endogenous pain control system and is an important target for medication.
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- Glossary
Dura mater
The outermost of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Consists of connective tissue.
